703 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
703 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
Quick Start
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=====
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* [1.Create ORM Engine](#10)
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* [2.Define a struct](#20)
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* [2.1.Name mapping rule](#21)
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* [2.2.Use Table or Tag to change table or column name](#22)
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* [2.3.Column define](#23)
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* [3. database schema operation](#30)
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* [3.1.Retrieve database schema infomation](#31)
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* [3.2.Table Operation](#32)
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* [3.3.Create indexes and uniques](#33)
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* [3.4.Sync database schema](#34)
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* [4.Insert records](#40)
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* [5.Query and Count records](#60)
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* [5.1.Query condition methods](#61)
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* [5.2.Temporory methods](#62)
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* [5.3.Get](#63)
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* [5.4.Find](#64)
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* [5.5.Iterate](#65)
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* [5.6.Count](#66)
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* [6.Update records](#70)
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* [6.1.Optimistic Locking](#71)
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* [7.Delete records](#80)
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* [8.Execute SQL command](#90)
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* [9.Execute SQL query](#100)
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* [10.Transaction](#110)
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* [11.Cache](#120)
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* [12.Xorm Tool](#130)
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* [12.1.Reverse command](#131)
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* [13.Examples](#140)
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* [14.Cases](#150)
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* [15.FAQ](#160)
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* [16.Discuss](#170)
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<a name="10" id="10"></a>
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## 1.Create ORM Engine
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When using xorm, you can create multiple orm engines, an engine means a databse. So you can：
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```Go
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import (
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_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
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"github.com/go-xorm/xorm"
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)
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engine, err := xorm.NewEngine("mysql", "root:123@/test?charset=utf8")
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defer engine.Close()
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```
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or
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```Go
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import (
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_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
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"github.com/go-xorm/xorm"
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)
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engine, err = xorm.NewEngine("sqlite3", "./test.db")
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defer engine.Close()
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```
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You can create many engines for different databases.Generally, you just need create only one engine. Engine supports run on go routines.
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xorm supports four drivers now:
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* Mysql: [github.com/Go-SQL-Driver/MySQL](https://github.com/Go-SQL-Driver/MySQL)
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* MyMysql: [github.com/ziutek/mymysql/godrv](https://github.com/ziutek/mymysql/godrv)
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* SQLite: [github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3](https://github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3)
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* Postgres: [github.com/lib/pq](https://github.com/lib/pq)
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* MsSql: [github.com/lunny/godbc](https://githubcom/lunny/godbc)
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NewEngine's parameters are the same as `sql.Open`. So you should read the drivers' document for parameters' usage.
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After engine created, you can do some settings.
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1.Logs
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* `engine.ShowSQL = true`, Show SQL statement on standard output;
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* `engine.ShowDebug = true`, Show debug infomation on standard output;
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* `engine.ShowError = true`, Show error infomation on standard output;
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* `engine.ShowWarn = true`, Show warnning information on standard output;
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2.If want to record infomation with another method: use `engine.Logger` as `io.Writer`:
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```Go
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f, err := os.Create("sql.log")
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if err != nil {
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println(err.Error())
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return
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}
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engine.Logger = f
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```
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3.Engine provide DB connection pool settings.
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* Use `engine.SetMaxIdleConns()` to set idle connections.
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* Use `engine.SetMaxOpenConns()` to set Max connections. This methods support only Go 1.2+.
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<a name="20" id="20"></a>
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## 2.Define struct
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xorm maps a struct to a database table, the rule is below.
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<a name="21" id="21"></a>
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### 2.1.name mapping rule
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use xorm.IMapper interface to implement. There are two IMapper implemented: `SnakeMapper` and `SameMapper`. SnakeMapper means struct name is word by word and table name or column name as 下划线. SameMapper means same name between struct and table.
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SnakeMapper is the default.
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```Go
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engine.SetMapper(SameMapper{})
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```
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And you should notice:
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* If you want to use other mapping rule, implement IMapper
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* Tables's mapping rule could be different from Columns':
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```Go
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engine.SetTableMapper(SameMapper{})
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engine.SetColumnMapper(SnakeMapper{})
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```
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<a name="22" id="22"></a>
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### 2.2.Prefix mapping, Suffix Mapping and Cache Mapping
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* `engine.NewPrefixMapper(SnakeMapper{}, "prefix")` can add prefix string when naming based on SnakeMapper or SameMapper, or you custom Mapper.
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* `engine.NewPrefixMapper(SnakeMapper{}, "suffix")` can add suffix string when naming based on SnakeMapper or SameMapper, or you custom Mapper.
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* `engine.NewCacheMapper(SnakeMapper{})` add naming Mapper for memory cache.
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Of course, you can implement IMapper to make custom naming strategy.
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<a name="22" id="22"></a>
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### 2.3.Tag mapping
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It's idealized of using IMapper for all naming. But if table or column is not in rule, we need new method to archive.
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* If struct or pointer of struct has `TableName() string` method, the return value will be the struct's table name.
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* `engine.Table()` can change the database table name for struct. The struct tag `xorm:"'table_name'"` can set column name for struct field. Use a pair of single quotes to prevent confusion for column's definition in struct tag. If not in confusion, ignore single quotes.
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<a name="23" id="23"></a>
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### 2.4.Column definition
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Struct tag defines something for column as basic sql concepts, such as :
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```
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type User struct {
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Id int64
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Name string `xorm:"varchar(25) not null unique 'usr_name'"`
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}
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```
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Data types are different in different DBMS. So xorm makes own data types definition to keep compatible. Details is in document [Column Types](https://github.com/go-xorm/xorm/blob/master/docs/COLUMNTYPE.md).
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The following table is field mapping rules, the keyword is not case sensitive except column name：
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td>name or 'name'</td><td>Column Name, optional</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>pk</td><td>If column is Primary Key</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>support over 30 kinds of column types, details in [Column Types](https://github.com/go-xorm/xorm/blob/master/docs/COLUMNTYPE.md)</td><td>column type</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>autoincr</td><td>If autoincrement column</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>[not ]null | notnull</td><td>if column could be blank</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>unique/unique(uniquename)</td><td>column is Unique index; if add (uniquename), the column is used for combined unique index with the field that defining same uniquename.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>index/index(indexname)</td><td>column is index. if add (indexname), the column is used for combined index with the field that defining same indexname.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>extends</td><td>use for anonymous field, map the struct in anonymous field to database</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>-</td><td>This field will not be mapping</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>-></td><td>only write into database</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><-</td><td>only read from database</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>created</td><td>This field will be filled in current time on insert</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>updated</td><td>This field will be filled in current time on insert or update</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>version</td><td>This field will be filled 1 on insert and autoincrement on update</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>default 0 | default 'name'</td><td>column default value</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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Some default mapping rules：
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- 1. If field is name of `Id` and type of `int64`, xorm makes it as auto increment primary key. If another field, use struct tag `xorm:"pk"`.
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- 2. String is corresponding to varchar(255).
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- 3. Support custom type as `type MyString string`，slice, map as field type. They are saving as Text column type and json-encode string. Support Blob column type with field type []byte or []uint8.
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- 4. You can implement Conversion interface to define your custom mapping rule between field and database data.
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```
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type Conversion interface {
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FromDB([]byte) error
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ToDB() ([]byte, error)
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}
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```
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<a name="30" id="30"></a>
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## 3. database meta information
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xorm provides methods to getting and setting table schema. For less schema changing production, `engine.Sync()` is enough.
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<a name="31" id="31"></a>
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## 3.1 retrieve database meta info
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* DBMetas()
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`engine.DBMetas()` returns all tables schema information.
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<a name="31" id="31"></a>
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## 3.2.directly table operation
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* CreateTables()
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`engine.CreateTables(struct)` creates table with struct or struct pointer.
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`engine.Charset()` and `engine.StoreEngine()` can change charset or storage engine for **mysql** database.
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* IsTableEmpty()
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check table is empty or not.
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* IsTableExist()
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check table is existed or not.
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* DropTables()
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`engine.DropTables(struct)` drops table and indexes with struct or struct pointer. `engine.DropTables(string)` only drops table except indexes.
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<a name="32" id="32"></a>
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## 3.3.create indexes and uniques
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* CreateIndexes
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create indexes with struct.
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* CreateUniques
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create unique indexes with struct.
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<a name="34" id="34"></a>
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## 3.4.Synchronize database schema
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xorm watches tables and indexes and sync schema:
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1) use table name to create or drop table
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2) use column name to alter column
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3) use the indexes definition in struct field tag to create or drop indexes.
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```Go
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err := engine.Sync(new(User))
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```
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<a name="50" id="50"></a>
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## 4.Insert data
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Inserting records use Insert method.
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* Insert one record
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```Go
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user := new(User)
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user.Name = "myname"
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affected, err := engine.Insert(user)
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```
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After inseted, `user.Id` will be filled with primary key column value.
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```Go
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fmt.Println(user.Id)
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```
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* Insert multiple records by Slice on one table
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```Go
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users := make([]User, 0)
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users[0].Name = "name0"
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...
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affected, err := engine.Insert(&users)
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```
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* Insert multiple records by Slice of pointer on one table
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```Go
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users := make([]*User, 0)
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users[0] = new(User)
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users[0].Name = "name0"
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...
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affected, err := engine.Insert(&users)
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```
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* Insert one record on two table.
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```Go
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user := new(User)
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user.Name = "myname"
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question := new(Question)
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question.Content = "whywhywhwy?"
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affected, err := engine.Insert(user, question)
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```
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* Insert multiple records on multiple tables.
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```Go
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users := make([]User, 0)
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users[0].Name = "name0"
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...
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questions := make([]Question, 0)
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questions[0].Content = "whywhywhwy?"
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affected, err := engine.Insert(&users, &questions)
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```
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* Insert one or multple records on multiple tables.
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```Go
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user := new(User)
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user.Name = "myname"
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...
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questions := make([]Question, 0)
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questions[0].Content = "whywhywhwy?"
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affected, err := engine.Insert(user, &questions)
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```
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Notice: If you want to use transaction on inserting, you should use session.Begin() before calling Insert.
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<a name="60" id="60"></a>
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## 5. Chainable APIs
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<a name="61" id="61"></a>
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### 5.1. Chainable APIs for Queries, Execusions and Aggregations
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Queries and Aggregations is basically formed by using `Get`, `Find`, `Count` methods, with conjunction of following chainable APIs to form conditions, grouping and ordering:
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查询和统计主要使用`Get`, `Find`, `Count`三个方法。在进行查询时可以使用多个方法来形成查询条件，条件函数如下：
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* Id([]interface{})
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Primary Key lookup
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* Where(string, …interface{})
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As SQL conditional WHERE clause
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* And(string, …interface{})
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Conditional AND
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* Or(string, …interface{})
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Conditional OR
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* Sql(string, …interface{})
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Custom SQL query
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* Asc(…string)
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Ascending ordering on 1 or more fields
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* Desc(…string)
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Descending ordering on 1 or more fields
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* OrderBy(string)
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As SQL ORDER BY
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* In(string, …interface{})
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As SQL Conditional IN
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* Cols(…string)
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Explicity specify query or update columns. e.g.,:
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```Go
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engine.Cols("age", "name").Find(&users)
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// SELECT age, name FROM user
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engine.Cols("age", "name").Update(&user)
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// UPDATE user SET age=? AND name=?
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```
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* Omit(...string)
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Inverse function to Cols, to exclude specify query or update columns. Warning: Don't use with Cols()
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```Go
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engine.Omit("age").Update(&user)
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// UPDATE user SET name = ? AND department = ?
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```
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* Distinct(…string)
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As SQL DISTINCT
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```Go
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engine.Distinct("age", "department").Find(&users)
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// SELECT DISTINCT age, department FROM user
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```
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Caution: this method will not lookup from caching store
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* Table(nameOrStructPtr interface{})
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Specify table name, or if struct pointer is passed into the name is extract from struct type name by IMapper conversion policy
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* Limit(int, …int)
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As SQL LIMIT with optional second param for OFFSET
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* Top(int)
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As SQL LIMIT
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* Join(type, tableName, criteria string)
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As SQL JOIN, support
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type: either of these values [INNER, LEFT OUTER, CROSS] are supported now
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tableName: joining table name
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criteria: join criteria
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* GroupBy(string)
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As SQL GROUP BY
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* Having(string)
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As SQL HAVING
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<a name="62" id="62"></a>
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### 5.2. Override default behavior APIs
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* NoAutoTime()
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No auto timestamp for Created and Updated fields for INSERT and UPDATE
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* NoCache()
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Disable cache lookup
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* UseBool(...string)
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xorm's default behavior is fields with 0, "", nil, false, will not be used during query or update, use this method to explicit specify bool type fields for query or update
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* Cascade(bool)
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Do cascade lookup for associations
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<a name="50" id="50"></a>
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### 5.3.Get one record
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Fetch a single object by user
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```Go
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var user = User{Id:27}
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has, err := engine.Get(&user)
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// or has, err := engine.Id(27).Get(&user)
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var user = User{Name:"xlw"}
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has, err := engine.Get(&user)
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```
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<a name="60" id="60"></a>
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### 5.4.Find
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Fetch multipe objects into a slice or a map, use Find：
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```Go
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var everyone []Userinfo
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err := engine.Find(&everyone)
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users := make(map[int64]Userinfo)
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err := engine.Find(&users)
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```
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* also you can use Where, Limit
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```Go
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var allusers []Userinfo
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err := engine.Where("id > ?", "3").Limit(10,20).Find(&allusers) //Get id>3 limit 10 offset 20
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```
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* or you can use a struct query
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```Go
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var tenusers []Userinfo
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err := engine.Limit(10).Find(&tenusers, &Userinfo{Name:"xlw"}) //Get All Name="xlw" limit 10 offset 0
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```
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* or In function
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```Go
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var tenusers []Userinfo
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err := engine.In("id", 1, 3, 5).Find(&tenusers) //Get All id in (1, 3, 5)
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```
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* The default will query all columns of a table. Use Cols function if you want to select some columns
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```Go
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var tenusers []Userinfo
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err := engine.Cols("id", "name").Find(&tenusers) //Find only id and name
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```
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<a name="70" id="70"></a>
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### 5.5.Iterate records
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Iterate, like find, but handle records one by one
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```Go
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err := engine.Where("age > ? or name=?)", 30, "xlw").Iterate(new(Userinfo), func(i int, bean interface{})error{
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user := bean.(*Userinfo)
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//do somthing use i and user
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})
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```
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<a name="66" id="66"></a>
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### 5.6.Count method usage
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An ORM pointer struct is required for Count method in order to determine which table to retrieve from.
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```Go
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user := new(User)
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total, err := engine.Where("id >?", 1).Count(user)
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```
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<a name="70" id="70"></a>
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## 6.更新数据
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更新数据使用`Update`方法，Update方法的第一个参数为需要更新的内容，可以为一个结构体指针或者一个Map[string]interface{}类型。当传入的为结构体指针时，只有非空和0的field才会被作为更新的字段。当传入的为Map类型时，key为数据库Column的名字，value为要更新的内容。
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```Go
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user := new(User)
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user.Name = "myname"
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affected, err := engine.Id(id).Update(user)
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```
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|
||
这里需要注意，Update会自动从user结构体中提取非0和非nil得值作为需要更新的内容，因此，如果需要更新一个值为0，则此种方法将无法实现，因此有两种选择：
|
||
|
||
1. 通过添加Cols函数指定需要更新结构体中的哪些值，未指定的将不更新，指定了的即使为0也会更新。
|
||
```Go
|
||
affected, err := engine.Id(id).Cols("age").Update(&user)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
2. 通过传入map[string]interface{}来进行更新，但这时需要额外指定更新到哪个表，因为通过map是无法自动检测更新哪个表的。
|
||
```Go
|
||
affected, err := engine.Table(new(User)).Id(id).Update(map[string]interface{}{"age":0})
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
### 6.1.乐观锁
|
||
|
||
要使用乐观锁，需要使用version标记
|
||
type User struct {
|
||
Id int64
|
||
Name string
|
||
Version int `xorm:"version"`
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
在Insert时，version标记的字段将会被设置为1，在Update时，Update的内容必须包含version原来的值。
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
var user User
|
||
engine.Id(1).Get(&user)
|
||
// SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = ?
|
||
engine.Id(1).Update(&user)
|
||
// UPDATE user SET ..., version = version + 1 WHERE id = ? AND version = ?
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a name="80" id="80"></a>
|
||
## 7.Delete one or more records
|
||
Delete one or more records
|
||
|
||
* delete by id
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
err := engine.Id(1).Delete(&User{})
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
* delete by other conditions
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
err := engine.Delete(&User{Name:"xlw"})
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<a name="90" id="90"></a>
|
||
## 8.Execute SQL query
|
||
|
||
Of course, SQL execution is also provided.
|
||
|
||
If select then use Query
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
sql := "select * from userinfo"
|
||
results, err := engine.Query(sql)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<a name="100" id="100"></a>
|
||
## 9.Execute SQL command
|
||
If insert, update or delete then use Exec
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
sql = "update userinfo set username=? where id=?"
|
||
res, err := engine.Exec(sql, "xiaolun", 1)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<a name="110" id="110"></a>
|
||
## 10.Transaction
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
session := engine.NewSession()
|
||
defer session.Close()
|
||
|
||
// add Begin() before any action
|
||
err := session.Begin()
|
||
user1 := Userinfo{Username: "xiaoxiao", Departname: "dev", Alias: "lunny", Created: time.Now()}
|
||
_, err = session.Insert(&user1)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
session.Rollback()
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
user2 := Userinfo{Username: "yyy"}
|
||
_, err = session.Where("id = ?", 2).Update(&user2)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
session.Rollback()
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
_, err = session.Exec("delete from userinfo where username = ?", user2.Username)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
session.Rollback()
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// add Commit() after all actions
|
||
err = session.Commit()
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<a name="120" id="120"></a>
|
||
## 11.Built-in LRU memory cache provider
|
||
|
||
1. Global Cache
|
||
Xorm implements cache support. Defaultly, it's disabled. If enable it, use below code.
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
cacher := xorm.NewLRUCacher(xorm.NewMemoryStore(), 1000)
|
||
engine.SetDefaultCacher(cacher)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
If disable some tables' cache, then:
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
engine.MapCacher(&user, nil)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
2. Table's Cache
|
||
If only some tables need cache, then:
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
cacher := xorm.NewLRUCacher(xorm.NewMemoryStore(), 1000)
|
||
engine.MapCacher(&user, cacher)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Caution:
|
||
|
||
1. When use Cols methods on cache enabled, the system still return all the columns.
|
||
|
||
2. When using Exec method, you should clear cache：
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
engine.Exec("update user set name = ? where id = ?", "xlw", 1)
|
||
engine.ClearCache(new(User))
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Cache implement theory below:
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a name="130" id="130"></a>
|
||
## 12.xorm tool
|
||
xorm commandl line tool
|
||
|
||
### 12.1.Reverse command
|
||
Please visit [xorm tool](https://github.com/go-xorm/cmd)
|
||
|
||
<a name="140" id="140"></a>
|
||
## 13.Examples
|
||
|
||
Please visit [https://github.com/go-xorm/xorm/tree/master/examples](https://github.com/go-xorm/xorm/tree/master/examples)
|
||
|
||
<a name="150" id="150"></a>
|
||
## 14.Cases
|
||
|
||
* [Gowalker](http://gowalker.org)，source [github.com/Unknwon/gowalker](http://github.com/Unknwon/gowalker)
|
||
|
||
* [GoDaily](http://godaily.org)，source [github.com/govc/godaily](http://github.com/govc/godaily)
|
||
|
||
* [Sudochina](http://sudochina.com) source [github.com/insionng/toropress](http://github.com/insionng/toropress)
|
||
|
||
* [VeryHour](http://veryhour.com)
|
||
|
||
<a name="160"></a>
|
||
## 15.FAQ
|
||
|
||
1.How the xorm tag use both with json?
|
||
|
||
Use space.
|
||
|
||
```Go
|
||
type User struct {
|
||
Name string `json:"name" xorm:"name"`
|
||
}
|
||
```
|